how to draw internal combustion engine bsfc map

Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of any prime number mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft power. It is typically used for comparing the efficiency of internal combustion engines with a shaft output.

It is the rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced. In traditional units, it measures fuel consumption in pounds per hour divided past the brake horsepower, lb/(hp⋅h); in SI units, this corresponds to the inverse of the units of specific free energy, kg/J = s²/one thousand².

It may as well be thought of as power-specific fuel consumption, for this reason. BSFC allows the fuel efficiency of different engines to be straight compared.

The term "brake" hither as in "brake horsepower" refers to a historical method of measuring torque (encounter Prony brake).

The BSFC calculation (in metric units) [edit]

To calculate BSFC, use the formula

${\displaystyle BSFC={\frac {r}{P}}}$

where:

${\displaystyle r}$ is the fuel consumption rate in grams per 2d (g/south)

${\displaystyle P}$ is the power produced in watts where ${\displaystyle P=\tau \omega }$ (W)

${\displaystyle \omega }$ is the engine speed in radians per 2nd (rad/s)

${\displaystyle \tau }$ is the engine torque in newton metres (N⋅m)

The above values of r, ${\displaystyle \omega }$ , and ${\displaystyle \tau }$ may exist readily measured by instrumentation with an engine mounted in a test stand and a load applied to the running engine. The resulting units of BSFC are grams per joule (m/J)

Commonly BSFC is expressed in units of grams per kilowatt-60 minutes (yard/(kW⋅h)). The conversion factor is every bit follows:

BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] = BSFC [g/J] × (3.6 × 10⁶)

The conversion between metric and regal units is:

BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] = BSFC [lb/(hp⋅h)] × 608.277

BSFC [lb/(hp⋅h)] = BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] × 0.001644

The relationship between BSFC numbers and efficiency [edit]

To calculate the actual efficiency of an engine requires the energy density of the fuel beingness used.

Different fuels have unlike energy densities defined by the fuel'due south heating value. The lower heating value (LHV) is used for internal-combustion-engine-efficiency calculations because the rut at temperatures below 150 °C (300 °F) cannot be put to utilize.

Some examples of lower heating values for vehicle fuels are:

Certification gasoline = xviii,640 BTU/lb (0.01204 kW⋅h/g)

Regular gasoline = 18,917 BTU/lb (0.0122222 kW⋅h/g)

Diesel fuel = eighteen,500 BTU/lb (0.0119531 kW⋅h/g)

Thus a diesel fuel engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0119531) and a gasoline engine'southward efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0122225)

The employ of BSFC numbers as operating values and as a cycle boilerplate statistic [edit]

Any engine will have different BSFC values at unlike speeds and loads. For instance, a reciprocating engine achieves maximum efficiency when the intake air is unthrottled and the engine is running most its peak torque. The efficiency frequently reported for a detail engine, however, is not its maximum efficiency simply a fuel economic system wheel statistical average. For example, the cycle average value of BSFC for a gasoline engine is 322 grand/(kW⋅h), translating to an efficiency of 25% (1/(322 × 0.0122225) = 0.2540). Actual efficiency can be lower or higher than the engine's average due to varying operating conditions. In the case of a product gasoline engine, the near efficient BSFC is approximately 225 yard/(kW⋅h), which is equivalent to a thermodynamic efficiency of 36%.

An iso-BSFC map (fuel isle plot) of a diesel engine is shown. The sweet spot at 206 BSFC has xl.half-dozen% efficiency. The x-axis is rpm; y-axis is BMEP in bar (bmep is proportional to torque)

The significance of BSFC numbers for engine design and form [edit]

BSFC numbers change a lot for unlike engine designs, and compression ratio and power rating. Engines of different classes like diesels and gasoline engines volition have very different BSFC numbers, ranging from less than 200 g/(kW⋅h) (diesel at low speed and loftier torque) to more than than 1,000 one thousand/(kW⋅h) (turboprop at low power level).

Examples of values of BSFC for shaft engines [edit]

The following table takes values as an example for the specific fuel consumption of several types of engines. For specific engines values tin and often exercise differ from the table values shown below. Energy efficiency is based on a lower heating value of 42.7 MJ/kg (84.iii m/(kW⋅h)) for diesel and jet fuel, 43.ix MJ/kg (82 g/(kW⋅h)) for gasoline.

kW	hp	Year	Engine	Type	Application	lb/(hp⋅h)	grand/(kW⋅h)	efficiency
48	64	1989	Rotax 582	gasoline, 2-stroke	Aviation, Ultralight, Eurofly Fire Play tricks	0.699	425[1]	19.3%
321	431	1987	PW206B/B2	turboshaft	Helicopter, EC135	0.553	336[2]	24.4%
427	572	1987	PW207D	turboshaft	Helicopter, Bell 427	0.537	327[2]	25.1%
500	670	1981	Arrius 2B1/2B1A-i	turboshaft	Helicopter, EC135	0.526	320[2]	25.6%
820	one,100	1960	PT6C-67C	turboshaft	Helicopter, AW139	0.490	298[2]	27.five%
958	1,285	1989	MTR390	turboshaft	Helicopter, Tiger	0.460	280[2]	29.3%
84.5	113.3	1996	Rotax 914	gasoline, turbo	Aviation, Light-sport aircraft, WT9 Dynamic	0.454	276[3]	29.vii%
88	118	1942	Lycoming O-235-50	gasoline	Aviation, General aviation, Cessna 152	0.452	275[4]	29.eight%
ane,799	ii,412	1984	RTM322-01/9	turboshaft	Helicopter, NH90	0.420	255[two]	32.1%
63	84	1991	GM Saturn I4 engine	gasoline	Cars, Saturn Due south-Serial	0.411	250[5]	32.5%
150	200	2011	Ford EcoBoost	gasoline, turbo	Cars, Ford	0.403	245[half-dozen]	33.5%
300	400	1961	Lycoming IO-720	gasoline	Aviation, General aviation, PAC Fletcher	0.4	243[7]	34.ii%
7,000	9,400	1986	Rolls-Royce MT7	gas turbine	Hovercraft, SSC	0.3998	243.2[eight]	34.7%
2,000	ii,700	1945	Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone	gasoline, turbo-chemical compound	Aviation, Commercial aviation; B-29, Constellation, DC-vii	0.380	231[9]	35.5%
57	76	2003	Toyota 1NZ-FXE	gasoline	Auto, Toyota Prius	0.370	225[10]	36.4%
viii,251	11,065	2005	Europrop TP400	turboprop	Airbus A400M	0.350	213[xi]	39.half-dozen%
550	740	1931	Junkers Jumo 204	diesel 2-stroke, turbo	Aviation, Commercial aviation, Junkers Ju 86	0.347	211[12]	forty%
36,000	48,000	2002	Rolls-Royce Marine Trent	turboshaft	Marine propulsion	0.340	207[13]	40.7%
2,340	iii,140	1949	Napier Nomad	Diesel fuel-compound	Concept Shipping engine	0.340	207[14]	40.7%
165	221	2000	Volkswagen 3.3 V8 TDI	Diesel	Car, Audi A8	0.337	205[15]	41.1%
2,013	2,699	1940	Deutz DZ 710	Diesel 2 stroke	Concept Shipping engine	0.330	201[16]	41.nine%
42,428	56,897	1993	GE LM6000	turboshaft	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.329	200.1[17]	42.1%
130	170	2007	BMW N47 2L	Diesel	Cars, BMW	0.326	198[xviii]	42.vi%
88	118	1990	Audi 2.5L TDI	Diesel	Car, Audi 100	0.326	198[19]	42.six%
620	830		Scania AB DC16 078A	Diesel fuel 4-stroke	Electricity generation	0.312	190[twenty]	44.iv%
ane,200	1,600	early on 1990s	Wärtsilä 6L20	Diesel iv-stroke	Marine propulsion	0.311	189.four[21]	44.v%
3,600	4,800		MAN Diesel 6L32/44CR	Diesel iv-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.283	172[22]	49%
4,200	5,600	2015	Wärtsilä W31	Diesel fuel iv-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.271	165[23]	51.ane%
34,320	46,020	1998	Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C	Diesel 2-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.263	160[24]	52.7%
27,060	36,290		MAN Diesel fuel S80ME-C9.4-TII	Diesel 2-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.254	154.five[25]	54.half dozen%
34,350	46,060		Human Diesel G95ME-C9	Diesel ii-stroke	Marine propulsion	0.254	154.5[26]	54.half dozen%
605,000	811,000	2016	General Electric 9HA	Combined cycle	Electricity generation	0.223	135.5 (eq.)	62.two%[27]
640,000	860,000	2021	Full general Electrical 7HA.3	Combined cycle	Electricity generation (proposed)	0.217	131.9 (eq.)	63.9%[28]

Turboprop efficiency is only good at high power; SFC increases dramatically for arroyo at low power (thirty% P_max) and especially at idle (7% P_max) :

2,050 kW Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 turboprop (1996)^[29]

Manner	Power	fuel flow	SFC	Free energy efficiency
Nominal idle (7%)	192 hp (143 kW)	3.06 kg/min (405 lb/h)	i,282 g/(kW⋅h) (two.108 lb/(hp⋅h))	vi.6%
Approach (30%)	825 hp (615 kW)	5.15 kg/min (681 lb/h)	502 thou/(kW⋅h) (0.825 lb/(hp⋅h))	16.viii%
Max cruise (78%)	2,132 hp (i,590 kW)	eight.28 kg/min (i,095 lb/h)	312 k/(kW⋅h) (0.513 lb/(hp⋅h))	27%
Max climb (fourscore%)	ii,192 hp (i,635 kW)	8.38 kg/min (ane,108 lb/h)	308 m/(kW⋅h) (0.506 lb/(hp⋅h))	27.iv%
Max contin. (90%)	2,475 hp (1,846 kW)	9.22 kg/min (ane,220 lb/h)	300 m/(kW⋅h) (0.493 lb/(hp⋅h))	28.1%
Take-off (100%)	two,750 hp (2,050 kW)	9.nine kg/min (ane,310 lb/h)	290 m/(kW⋅h) (0.477 lb/(hp⋅h))	29.1%

Meet too [edit]

• Fuel economy in automobiles
• Energy-efficient driving
• Fuel management systems
• Marine fuel management
• Thrust specific fuel consumption

References [edit]

1. ^ "Operator Transmission for 447/503/582" (PDF). Rotax. Sep 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2018-06-08 .
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Gas Turbine Engines" (PDF). Aviation Week. January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-06. Retrieved 2018-07-09 .
3. ^ "Operator Manual for 914 serial" (PDF). Rotax. Apr 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2018-06-08 .
4. ^ O-235 and O-290 Operator'due south Manual (PDF), Lycoming, Jan 2007, p. 3-viii version-L
5. ^ Michael Soroka (March 26, 2022). "Are Aeroplane Engines Inefficient?".
6. ^ "Avant-garde Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) Engine Evolution" (PDF). Ford Research and Advanced Engineering. May 13, 2022.
7. ^ IO-720 Operator'south Manual (PDF), Lycoming, Oct 2006, p. 3-eight
8. ^ "MT7 Brochure" (PDF). Rolls-Royce. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2018-07-09 .
9. ^ Kimble D. McCutcheon (27 October 2022). "Wright R-3350 "Cyclone 18"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on i Baronial 2022.
10. ^ "Development of New-Generation Hybrid System THS II - Drastic Improvement of Power Performance and Fuel Economic system". Club of Automotive Engineers. eight March 2004.
11. ^ Kaiser, Sascha; Donnerhack, Stefan; Lundbladh, Anders; Seitz, Arne (27–29 July 2022). A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio. AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (51st ed.). doi:x.2514/6.2015-4028.
12. ^ inter-action association, 1987
13. ^ "Marine Trent". Civil Engineering Handbook. 19 Mar 2022.
14. ^ "Napier Nomad". Flight. 30 April 1954.
15. ^ "The new Audi A8 iii.3 TDI quattro: Tiptop TDI for the luxury class" (Press release). Audi AG. July 10, 2000.
16. ^ "Jane'due south Fighting Aircraft of World War 2". London, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Bracken Books. 1989.
17. ^ "LM6000 Marine Gas Turbine" (PDF). Full general Electric. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-xix.
18. ^ "BMW two.0d (N47)" (in French). Motorcar-innovations. June 2007.
19. ^ "The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The Beginning Passenger Car Diesel fuel Engine with 2d Generation Direct Injection". Social club of Automotive Engineers. ane February 1990.
20. ^ "DC16 078A" (PDF). Scania AB.
21. ^ "Wärtsilä 20 production guide" (PDF). Wärtsilä. 14 February 2022.
22. ^ "4-Stroke Propulsion Engines" (PDF). Man Diesel. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-17.
23. ^ "The new Wärtsilä 31 engine". Wärtsilä Technical Periodical. 20 October 2022.
24. ^ "RTA-C Technology Review" (PDF). Wärtsilä. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2005.
25. ^ "Human being B&W S80ME-C9.4-TII Project Guide" (PDF). Man Diesel fuel. May 2022.
26. ^ "MAN B&W G95ME-C9.2-TII Project Guide" (PDF). Man Diesel. May 2022. p. 16.
27. ^ Tomas Kellner (17 Jun 2022). "Here'southward Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long Afterward Soccer Fans Leave" (Printing release). General Electric.
28. ^ "GE Unveils New H-Class Gas Turbine—and Already Has a First Lodge". October 2, 2022.
29. ^ "ATR: The Optimum Choice for a Friendly Surroundings" (PDF). Avions de Send Regional. June 2001. p. PW127F engine gaseous emissions. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-08.

Farther reading [edit]

• Reciprocating engine types
• HowStuffWorks: How Car Engines Piece of work
• Reciprocating Engines at infoplease
• Piston Engines US Centennial of Flight Commission
• Effect of EGR on the exhaust gas temperature and frazzle opacity in compression ignition engines
• Heywood J B 1988 Pollutant germination and control. Internal combustion engine fundamentals Int. edn (New York: Mc-Graw Loma) pp 572–577
• Well-to-Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Free energy Conservation Principle
• Exemplary maps for commercial car engines collected by ecomodder forum users

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake-specific_fuel_consumption

Posted by: barnescamonwarld1947.blogspot.com

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